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Black tar heroin is a type of illicit opioid formed from the incomplete acetylation of morphine. It is also called ''black'', ''brown'', or simply ''tar''. Black tar can contain a variable percentage of heroin, but despite the name, what makes black tar specific as a type is ''not'' actually its heroin (''diacetylmorphine'') content, but rather the greater mixture of lesser acetylated morphine derivatives—predominantly 6-MAM (''6-monoacetylmorphine'') and 3-MAM (''3-monoacetylmorphine''). This is caused by the use of the antiquated Wright-Beckett process (c. 1874), which produces a relatively crude and unrefined opiate product but does not require the complex lab equipment, high-purity acetylating chemicals or lengthy reflux steps necessary to produce pure heroin, making it attractive to clandestine drug producers. Black tar heroin is often produced in Latin America,〔(Mexican Drug Exports ), Retrieved 2015/04/04〕〔(Heroin by Area of Origin ), Retrieved 2015/04/04〕 and is most commonly found in the western and southern parts of the United States, while also being occasionally found in western Canada and Europe. It has a varying consistency depending on manufacturing methods, cutting agents, and moisture levels, ranging in quality from a black-brown, tarry goo in unrefined form to a uniform, light-brown powder when further processed and cut with lactose. ==History== The process for synthesizing black tar heroin was discovered through the joint works of C. R. A. Wright and G. H. Beckett in 1874,〔(UNODC - Bulletin on Narcotics - 1963 Issue 1 - 007 )〕 while trying to synthesize gamma-monoacetylmorphine. Both believed they had succeeded in achieving their goal, but soon found that morphine has only two replaceable hydroxyls and that the original substance was theoretically impossible to synthesize under the conditions. Having learned this, the two men realized that they had stumbled upon the first successful synthesis of heroin (diacetylmorphine), as well as the two monoacetylmorphines, 6-MAM and 3-MAM. The following year, Wright and Beckett published their results in ''Journal of the Chemical Society''.〔 By 1935, the pharmacological work of Eddy and Howes〔(UNODC - Bulletin on Narcotics - 1963 Issue 1 - 007 )〕 revealed that heroin is quickly hydrolyzed by the human body into 6-MAM, an easier to prepare and more stable substance. These results provided the impetus for attempts at deliberate synthesis of 6-MAM. It was between then and 1943 that 6-MAM started being used for recreation. The effects of unsanitary intradermal, intramuscular, and intravenous use made their way into American medical literature in 1943, with wound botulism being related to these methods.〔("black tar heroin" - Google Search )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Black tar heroin」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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